Research

(With Gil Hersch) "It's Not the Slope that Matters: Well-Being and Shapes of Lives." Journal of Moral Philosophy, forthcoming.

Many believe that an upward sloping life is better than a downward sloping life because of its shape. This is a common way of formulating the shape of a life hypothesis. This paper argues that the hypothesis is mistaken. We need not assume that there is something intrinsically valuable in the shape of one’s life to justify the tendency to prefer an upward sloping life to a downward sloping one. Instead, we can appeal to more fundamental and less controversial claims to justify such judgments. What one might justifiably want are features of lives which are often (though not always) correlated with, rather than constituted by, an upward slope.

"What Do We Want? To Eliminate Gender! When Do We Want It? Later!" Pacific Philosophical Quarterly, forthcoming.

I argue that many objections to gender eliminativism/gender abolitionism, the view that we should not have gender, disappear if we treat gender abolitionism as a view about what it would be good to achieve in the future, as opposed to a project to undertake right now. This paper was presented at Social Ontology 2019, the 6th Biennial ENSO Conference in Tampere in 2019, and at MANCEPT 2020 in the What is Gender and What Do we Want it to Be? workshop.

"The Paper Chase Case and Epistemic Accounts of Request Normativity." Thought, forthcoming.

The epistemic account of request normativity says that requests don't directly give reasons. Rather, they provide information, and the information is normative. One objection to this view comes from circumstances where it seems like someone is avoiding a request because once the request is made, they'll have a reason to accept it. If they know this is going to happen, don't they already have the relevant information? In this paper I explain how the epistemic account can not only handle this objection but in fact does a better job with this objection than competing accounts of request normativity.

"Colonialism is Per Se Wrong only if Colonialism is not Per Se Wrong: Supersession and the Bourgeois Predicament." Public Affairs Quarterly, Vol 38 No 3, 239-66, 2024.

I argue that if colonialism is per se wrong, then unless its wrongness has been remedied or superseded, all states that are the result of colonialism are illegitimate such that it is not clear what would be per se wrong with colonizing them. Moreover, it is implausible to think the wrongness of colonialism has typically (or even perhaps ever) been remedied or superseded. Thus it is not clear how we can say it would be per se wrong to colonize many existing states. The solution is to realize that colonialism is wrong but not per se wrong.

"Saving Cosmopolitanism from Colonialism." Ethics & Global Politics, Vol 17 No 4, 25-44, 2024.

Cosmopolitanism seems to license colonialism with a civilizing mission, because it holds that there are moral duties that apply worldwide and which ignore borders, and settler colonialism, because it suggests that the Earth belongs to everyone in common or because it opposes immigration restrictions and so on. I argue that the way to save cosmopolitanism from this worry is to accept that colonialism is not per se wrong but rather wrong because of all the terrible stuff it involves.

"A Cosmopolitan Instrumentalist Theory of Secession." The Southern Journal of Philosophy, Vol 61 No 3, 527-51, 2023.

I defend a relatively novel theory of secession according to which a group has the right to secede if this would promote cosmopolitan justice.

"What Makes Requests Normative? The Epistemic Account Defended." Ergo, Vol 9 No 64, 1715-43, 2023.

When I make a request, like "could you please read a draft of my paper and give me comments on it," I give you a reason to do something. How does this work? I defend the unpopular idea that requests only give reasons by giving you information. There's no special power attached to a request in itself. I presented this work in the 2019 Southampton-Humboldt Normativity Workshop at the University of Southampton in June 2019.

"Colonialism, Injustices of the Past, and the Hole in Nine." Critical Review of International Social and Political Philosophy, Vol 88 No 2, 2023.

Care Nine argues in "Colonialism, territory, and pre-existing obligations" that Lea Ypi's account of colonialism in "What's Wrong with Colonialism" cannot explain what's wrong with settler colonialism. Nine then offers a way to fix the problem. I argue that the problem should not be fixed.

(With Gil Hersch) "A New Well-Being Atomism." Philosophy and Phenomenological Research, Vol 107 No 1, 3-23, 2023.

Many philosophers reject the view that well-being over a lifetime is simply an aggregation of well-being at every moment of one’s life, and thus they reject theories of well-being like hedonism and concurrentist desire satisfactionism. They raise concerns that such a view misses the importance of the relationships between moments in a person’s life or the role narratives play in a person’s well-being, so aggregation is not an appropriate approach to well-being. In this article, we develop an atomist meta-theory of well-being, according to which the value of a life depends solely on the value of each moment of that life. This is a general account of momentary well-being that can capture different features of well-being that standard atomistic accounts fail to capture, thus allowing for the possibility of being an atomist without also being a hedonist or a concurrentist desire satisfaction theorist. Contrary to many criticisms leveled against momentary well-being, this well-being atomism captures all of the important features of well-being.

"On Covert Civil Disobedience and Animal Rescue: A Reply to Milligan." Journal of Ethics and Social Philosophy, Vol 25 No 2, 2023.

I give more reasons for thinking that we ought to disagree with Milligan and classify covert animal rescue as something other than civil disobedience.

"How Requests Give Reasons: The Epistemic Account versus Schaber's Value Account." Ethical Theory and Moral Practice, Vol 26, 397–403, 2023.

In "The Reason-Giving Force of Requests" Peter Schaber attacks the epistemic account of requests and defends a different account based on instrumental value. Here I defend the epistemic account from Schaber's objection and I offer some reasons to reject Schaber's account.

"Covert Animal Rescue: Civil Disobedience or Subrevolution?" Environmental Ethics, Vol 44 No 1, 61-83, 2022.

I argue that, pace arguments by people like Jennifer Welchman and Tony Milligan, we should not conceive of covert animal rescue as civil disobedience. I argue that we should instead conceive of covert animal rescue as a form of subrevolution, because covert animal rescue moves the rescued individuals from one arrangement of sovereign power to another. I develop the argument by drawing on Sue Donaldson and Will Kymlicka's idea of animal sovereignty as developed in their book Zoopolis, and by drawing on my own work on subrevolution. A draft of this paper received comments at the Pre-RoME Conference on Animal Ethics in August 2019 and at the International Society of Environmental Ethics conference in October 2020.

"Territorial Exclusion: An Argument against Closed Borders." Journal of Ethics and Social Philosophy, Vol 19 No 3, 257-290, 2021.

I argue against a right for a state to close its borders, because such a right allows the state to exclude people by seceding from the territory they live on. Because such exclusion is typically wrong, there is no general right to refuse to accept immigrants.

"Illiberal Immigrants and Liberalism's Commitment to its Own Demise." Public Affairs Quarterly, Vol 34 No 3, 271-297, 2020.

I argue that an opposition to immigration for the sake of protecting the liberal character of a society is indefensible.

"Must I Accept Prosecution for Civil Disobedience?" The Philosophical Quarterly, Vol 70 No 279, 410-8, 2020.

Piero Moraro argues in "On (Not) Accepting the Punishment for Civil Disobedience" that a civil disobedient, although they have a duty answer for their lawbreaking by undergoing legal prosecution, sometimes does not have a pro tanto duty to accept the punishment that is meted out. I argue that we should go further: sometimes there is no pro tanto duty to undergo legal prosecution. This is because often the government is not the right sort of agent to call the civil disobedient to account, and because there is no reason to think that one needs to answer for one's lawbreaking in the form of undergoing legal prosecution. There are also practical reasons to doubt the efficacy of a system according to which a civil disobedient must undergo trial but ostensibly has a right to avoid punishment.

"On the Alleged Laziness of Moral Realists." The Journal of Value Inquiry, Vol 54 No 3, 2020.

I respond to Melis Erdur's "Moral Realism and the Incompletability of Morality" in which she argues that moral realism is objectionable because it suggests that we should accept easy answers to moral questions if they are available to us, and to do so is morally lazy. I argue that the moral realist is under no such obligation to accept easy answers, and also that Erdur's argument applies to many forms of moral anti-realism too. There is little philosophical reason to read my article, because subsequent to its submission, Justin Horn's excellent article "On Moral Objections to Moral Realism" was published, and the second half of his article says almost everything I say here. But my article makes a few additional points, it is shorter, and it has some phrases which, if you squint, are jokes, so maybe it's not entirely a waste of time.

"Helping Buchanan on Helping the Rebels." Journal of Ethics and Social Philosophy, Vol 15 No 1, 2019.

I respond to Massimo Renzo's "Helping the Rebels." Renzo argues that Allen Buchanan's account of the ethics of intervention allows for too much intervention, because it misunderstands the right to political self-determination. Renzo draws an analogy between individuals and groups: just like individual self-determination places limits on what we can permissibly do to individuals, group self-determination places limits on what we can permissibly do to groups, and these limits rule out some forms of intervention which Buchanan supports. I respond to Renzo by arguing that because individuals and groups are different in a number of relevant aspects, we cannot defend group self-determination with this analogy to individual self-determination. I further argue that this suggests we might not want to use self-determination to answer these questions at all: we might instead focus on cosmopolitan justice as what matters, rather than self-determination. In other words, we should go with cosmopolitan instrumentalism.